Kamis, 07 Juli 2011

GRAMMAR FOR CHILDREN



Kamis, 07 Juli 2011

GRAMMAR FOR CHILDREN


GRAMMAR
FOR
CHILDREN

By : Mr. Muhammad Nurhadi, S.Pd
(English Teacher of SMPN 1 Wanareja)

Pendahuluan

Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa dunia atau bahasa internasional. Bahasa tersebut sangat penting bagi kita, karena dalm era globalisasi ini kita kita butuh berkomunikasi dengan orang-orang di seluruh dunia menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Artinya jika kita ingin mudah untuk berjalan-jalan di seluruh pelosok dunia, kita harus bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris.
Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi problem komunikasi yang dialami manusia dari pemilikan bahasa yang berbeda-beda, adalah  bahasa Inggris, karena bahasa Inggris telah diakui oleh dunia sebagai bahasa komunikasi dunia..
Untuk itu bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa yang sangat penting untuk dipelajari. Sejak dini, anak-anak perlu dikenalkan dengan bahasa Inggris. Seperti kata pepatah, belajar di waktu muda bagai mengukir di atas batu, sedangkan belajar di waktu tua bagai mengukir di atas air.
Atas alasan itu, kami memiliki inisiatif untuk menyusun buku sebagai panduan bagi anak-anak yang ingin mendalami bahasa Inggris, yang kami beri judul “Grammar for Children”. Dengan harapan di samping anak-anak Indonesia bisa mahir berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan lancar, sebagai kaum terpelajar juga perlu tahu bahwa sebagai bahasa Internasional tentu bahasa Inggris memiliki standard bahasa, untuk menjaga bahasa tersebut dari kerusakan bahasa itu sendiri. Lebih-lebih dalam situasi/acara resmi, maka kita harus berusaha menggunakan bahasa Inggis dengan baik dan benar. Kebiasaan menggunakan bahasa Inggris yang tidak mengikuti kaidah-kaidah bahasa, maka akan mempersubur munculnya perusak-perusak bahasa dan dan akan mencetak guru bahasa Inggris yang tidak mampu menyalahkan kesalahan-kesalahan yang dilakukan/diperbuat oleh murid-murid/anak didiknya. Itulah sebabnya kami menyusun buku grammar sederhana ini untuk membantu anak-anak yang ingin memperdalam bahasa Inggris. Memang dalam taraf latihan/berlatih berbicara dan melatih keberanian untuk berbicara, maka grammar(tata bahasa) dapat diabaikan untuk sementara waktu agar tidak muncul keraguan dan takut salah dalam berbicara. Tapi bukan untuk benar-benar diabaikan yang mengakibatkan pemakaian bahasa Inggrisnya sangat belepotan dan sangat parah. Terlebih kalau yang sangat belepotan dalam berbicara itu seorang guru bahasa Inggris dan diketahui oleh muridnya yang pintar, maka akan sangat memalukan. Itulah perlunya mengetahui bahasa standard dalam bahasa Inggris.
Buku lain yang bisa mendukung untuk lebih menguasai bahasa Inggris dan sebagai pelengkap buku ini antara lain Tenses for Children, Enriching English, dan Dictionary for Kids.
Daftar Isi

Halaman Judul.................................................................................................. 1
Pendahuluan...................................................................................................... 2
Daftar Isi............................................................................................................ 3
Bab 1. Noun (N) = Kata Benda........................................................................ 4
Bab 2. Verb (V) = Kata Benda......................................................................... 5
Bab 3. Adjective (Adj) = Kata Sifat................................................................. 6
Bab 4. Adverb (Adv) = Kata Keterangan....................................................... 8
Bab 5. Pronoun (Pron) = Kata Ganti.............................................................. 9
Bab 6. Preposition (Prep) = Kata Depan....................................................... 10
Bab 7. Conjunction (Conj) = Kata Sambung............................................... 11
Bab 8. Kalimat Verbal dan Kalimat Nonverbal........................................... 12
Bab 9. Kalimat Negatif................................................................................... 14
Bab 10. Kalimat Tanya................................................................................... 16
Bab 11. Kata Ganti......................................................................................... 20
Bab 12. To be dan Kata Kerja Bantu........................................................... 39
Bab 13. Auxiliary Verb................................................................................... 61
Penutup............................................................................................................ 76
Daftar Pustaka................................................................................................ 77

Bab 1
Noun (N) = Kata Benda

Kata benda (nouns) adalah kata yang menunjukkan nama suatu barang atau benda di dunia ini, baik konkrit maupun abstrak.

Contoh:
Konkrit :     door         - pintu
                   table         - meja
                   book         - buku
                   window   - jendela
                   towel        - handuk
Abstrak :    news        - berita
                   God         - Tuhan
                   wind        - angin
                   soul          - jiwa
                   love          - cinta

Ciri-cirinya:
▲ biasanya didahului artikel the/an/a
(the book, an apple, a student, dll)
                  



Bab 2
Verb (V) = Kata Kerja

Kata kerja (Verbs) adalah kata yang menunjukkan aktifitas, baik yang bisa dilihat maupun yang tidak bisa dilihat.

Contoh:
Bisa dilihat :             study     - belajar
                                 drink      - minum
                                 eat          - makan
Tidak bisa dilihat :   love        - mencintai
                                 think      - berpikir
                                 want      - ingin

Ciri-cirinya:
Verb mempunyai perubahan bentuk kata. Contoh: to take, take, took, taken, taking (mengambil).
Perubahan bentuk ini sesuai dengan bentuk tensesnya. Tenses adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang disesuaikan dengan subject dan waktunya.

Bab 3
Adjective (Adj) = Kata Sifat

Kata sifat (adjectives) adalah kata yang memberi sifat atau keterangan tentang kata benda.

Contoh:
hot                   - panas
fresh                - segar
beautiful          - indah
big                   - besar
blue                 - biru
clever              - pandai
lazy                 - malas
long                 - panjang
new                 - baru
sad                  - sedih

Ciri-cirinya:
a.  Letaknya didepan kata benda
hot coffee       - kopi panas
fresh fruit        - buah segar
big book          - buku besar

Maka hot, fresh, dan big adalah adjective, karena
hot       - panas        menerangkan kopi
fresh    - segar         menerangkan buah
big       - besar         menerangkan buku

b.  Letaknya setelah to be (baca to be di bab 11)
the girl is beautiful
gadis itu cantik

the boy is clever
anak itu pandai

the sky is blue
langit itu biru

this newspaper is new
surat kabar ini baru

            Maka beautiful, clever, blue, new adalah adjective (kata sifat) karena memberikan keterangan kepada kata benda, dan terletak setelah to be (is)

Bab 4
Adverb (Adv) = Kata Keterangan

Kata keterangan (adverbs) adalah kata yang menerangkan kata kerja.

Contoh:
I walk slowly
saya berjalan perlahan
slowly – perlahan = adverb

You study hard in the school.
Kamu belajar giat di sekolah.
hard – giat = adverb
in the school = di sekolah = adverb

They sing gayly on the stage today
Mereka bernyanyi dengan riang di panggung hari ini.
gayly – dengan riang = adverb
on the stage – di panggung = adverb
today – hari ini = adverb

Adverb itu bermacam-macam, ada yang menunjukkan:
a.  keadaan (manner) : slowly, hard, gayly
b. tempat (place) : in the school, on the stage
c.  waktu (time) : today
dan masih banyak adverb yang lain.

Ciri-cirinya:
Adverb akan selalu menunjang makna dari kata kerja sehingga posisinya dekat dengan verb.

Bab 5
Preposition (Prep) = Kata Depan

Kata depan (preposition) adalah kata yang menunjukkan posisi (letak/kedudukan) dan arah dan biasanya letaknya di depan kata benda.

Contoh:
in                - di
beside         - di samping
over            - di atas
under          - di bawah
at                - pada
from           - dari

I live in Jakarta
saya tinggal di Jakarta
in – di = preposition

You must come on time
Kamu harus datang tepat pada waktunya
on – tepat pada = preposition

May I sit beside you
Bolehkah saya duduk di sampingmu
Beside – di samping = preposition

Ciri-cirinya:
Biasanya katanya pendek-pendek : at, in, on, dan sebagainya.

Bab 6
Conjunction

Kata sambung (conjunction) adalah kata yang menghubungkan satu kata dengan kata yang lainnya, satu frasa dengan frasa lainnya, satu kalimat dengan kalimat lainnya, atau satu kelompok kalimat dengan kelompok kalimat lainnya.

Contoh:
and               - dan
or                  - atau
but                - tetapi
because         - karena
if                   - jika
though          - walaupun
but                   -  tetapi
I buy a book and pen
Saya membeli sebuah buku dan sebuah pulpen

I come to your house or you come to my house
Saya datang ke rumahmu atau kamu datang ke rumah saya

Ciri-cirinya:
Untuk menentukan preposition bisa dilihat dari posisinya di antara kata atau di antara kalimat.

Bab 7
Interjection (Int) = Kata Seru

Kata seru (conjuction) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk ungkapan tertentu dengan nada dan tanda seru.

Contoh:
hi…!                - hai…!
hello…!           - halo…!
bravo…!          - hidup…!
hurra…!          - hore…!
yell…!             - yel…!

Bab 8
Kalimat Verbal dan Kalimat Nonverbal

Kalimat Verbal
Kalimat verbal adalah suatu kalimat yang predikatnya berupa kata kerja atau verb.

Rumusnya yaitu :
subject + kata kerja + sisa kalimat

Contoh :
I play football
Saya bermain sepak bola

We have much money
Kita punya banyak uang

He wants to buy a book
Dia ingin membeli sebuah buku

Pada kalimat di atas, play dan have adalah kata kerja sehingga kalimat tersebut merupakan kalimat verbal.

Kalimat nonverbal
Kalimat non-verbal adalah suatu kalimat yang predikatnta berupa bukan kata kerja (non-verb).

Rumusnya yaitu :
subject + to be + (non-verb) + sisa kalimat

Contoh :
I am in the kitchen
Saya di dapur
You are very clever
Kamu sangat pandai

He is a farmer
Dia seorang petani

Pada kalimat di atas tidak ada kata kerjanya sehingga harus menggunakan to be. Are dan is adalah contoh to be. Penjelasan mengenai penggunaan to be akan dibahas pada bab 11.

Bab 9
Kalimat Negatif

Kalimat negatif adalah kalimat yang menggunakan kata not (tidak).

Pada kalimat verbal, untuk membentuk kalimat negatifnya harus menambahkan kata kerja bantu + not di belakang subyek.

Rumusnya yaitu :
            Subject + kk bantu (do/does/did) + not + sisa kalimat

Contoh :
I play football
(-) I do not play football
Saya tidak bermain sepakbola

We have much money
(-) We do not have much money
Kita tidak punya banyak uang

He wants to buy a book
(-)He does not want to buy a book
Dia tidak ingin membeli sebuah buku

She drank a glass of milk.just now.
(-) She did not drink a glass of milk just now.




Pada kalimat nonverbal, untuk membentuk kalimat negatifnya hanya menambahkan not saja di belakang to be.

Rumusnya yaitu :
            Subject + to be + not + sisa kalimat


Contoh :
I am in the kitchen
Saya di dapur
(-) I am not in the kitchen
Saya tidak di dapur

You are clever
Kamu pandai
(-) You are not clever
Kamu tidak pandai

He is a farmer
Dia seorang petani
(-) He is not a farmer
Dia bukan seorang petani

Bab 10
Kalimat Tanya

Kalimat tanya yaitu kalimat yang digunakan untuk bertanya.

Pada kalimat verbal, untuk membentuk kalimat tanya, harus menggunakan kata kerja bantu yang diiletakkan di depan subyek.

Rumusnya yaitu :
            kk bantu + subject + kata kerja + sisa kalimat

Contoh :
I play football
Saya bermain sepak bola
(?) Do I play football?
Apakah saya bermain sepakbola?

We have much money
Kita punya banyak uang
(?) Do we have much money?
Apakah kita punya banyak uang?

He wants to buy a book
Dia ingin membeli sebuah buku
(?)Does he want to buy a book ?
Apakah dia ingin membeli sebuah buku?

Pada kalimat nonverbal, untuk membentuk kalimat tanya, hanya memindahkan to be ke depan subyek.


Rumusnya yaitu :
            To be + subject + sisa kalimat + tanda tanya (?)

Contoh :
I am in the kitchen
Saya di dapur
(?) Am I in the kitchen?
Apakah saya di dapur?

You are clever
Kamu pandai
(?) Are you clever?
Apakah kamu pandai?

He is a farmer
Dia seorang petani
(?) Is he a farmer?
Apakah dia seorang petani?

Kalimat tanya juga dapat dibentuk dengan menambahkan Question Word (kata Tanya) di depan kalimat tersebut.
Macam-macam question word antara lain:
who                     - siapa
whom                  - siapa
whose                  - milik siapa
which                   - yang mana
what                    - apa
when                    - kapan
where                   - dimana/kemana
why                     - mengapa
how                     - bagaimana
how many            - berapa banyak
how many digunakan untuk menanyakan benda yang dapat dihitung
how much            - berapa banyak
how much digunakan untuk menanyakan benda yang tidak dapat dihitung
how far                - berapa jauh
how long             - berapa panjang
how deep             - berapa dalam
dan lain-lain.

Contoh:
Who is she?
Siapa dia?

Whose is that book?
Milik siapa buku itu?

What are you doing?
Apa yang sedang kamu lakukan?

When will you go to Cilacap?
Kapan kamu akan pergi ke Cilacap?

Where do you live?
Dimana kamu tinggal?

Why do you love me?
Mengapa kamu suka sama saya?

How are tou today?
Bagaimana kabarmu hari ini?

How many paper do you have?
Berapa banyak kertas yang kamu punya?

How much money can you give me?
Berapa banyak uang yang dapat kamu berikan kepada saya?

Bab 11
To be dan Kata Kerja Bantu

            Macam-macam to be dan kata kerja bantu yaitu:

subjek
to be
kk bantu

present
past
present
past
I
am
was
do
did
We
are
were
do
did
You
are
were
do
did
He
is
was
does
did
She
is
was
does
did
It
is
was
does
did
They
are
were
do
did




Contoh pemakaian:
to be present (am/are/is)
I am a student
Saya adalah seorang pelajar
(-) I am not a student
Saya bukan seorang pelajar
(?) Am I a student?
Apakah saya seorang pelajar?
(why) why am I a student?
Mengapa saya seorang pelajar?

We are students
Kami adalah pelajar
(-) We are not students
Kami bukan pelajar
(?) Are we students?
Apakah kami pelajar?
(why) why are we students?
Mengapa kami seorang pelajar?

You are a student
Kamu adalah seorang pelajar
(-) You are not a student
Kamu bukan seorang pelajar
(?) Are you a student?
Apakah kamu seorang pelajar?
(why) why are you a student?
Mengapa kamu seorang pelajar?

He is a student
Dia adalah seorang pelajar
(-) He is not a student
Dia bukan seorang pelajar
(?) Is he a student?
Apakah dia seorang pelajar?
(why) why is he a student?
Mengapa dia seorang pelajar?

She is a student
Dia adalah seorang pelajar
(-) She is not a student
Dia bukan seorang pelajar
(?) Is she a student?
Apakah dia seorang pelajar?
(why) why is she a student?
Mengapa dia seorang pelajar?

It is a student
Dia adalah seorang pelajar
(-) It is not a student
Dia bukan seorang pelajar
(?) Is it a student?
Apakah dia seorang pelajar?
(why) why is it a student?
Mengapa dia seorang pelajar?

They are students
Mereka adalah pelajar
(-) They are not students
(?) Are they students?
(why) why are they students?
Mengapa mereka seorang pelajar?
to be past (was/were)
I was in his house yesterday
Saya di rumahnya kemarin
(-) I was not in his house yesterday
Saya tidak di rumahnya kemarin
(?) Was I in his house yesterday?
Apakah saya di rumahnya kemarin?
(why) Why was I in his house yesterday?
Mengapa saya di rumahnya kemarin?

We were in his house yesterday
Kami di rumahnya kemarin
(-) We were not in his house yesterday
Kami tidak di rumahnya kemarin
(?) Were we in his house yesterday?
Apakah kami di rumahnya kemarin?
(why) Why were we in his house yesterday?
Mengapa kami di rumahnya kemarin?

You were in his house yesterday
Kamu di rumahnya kemarin
(-) You were not in his house yesterday
Kamu tidak di rumahnya kemarin
(?) Were you in his house yesterday?
Apakah kamu di rumahnya kemarin?
(why) Why were you in his house yesterday?
Mengapa kamu di rumahnya kemarin?

He was in his house yesterday
Dia di rumahnya kemarin
(-) He was not in his house yesterday
Dia tidak di rumahnya kemarin
(?) Was he in his house yesterday?
Apakah dia di rumahnya kemarin?
(why) Why was he in his house yesterday?
Mengapa dia di rumahnya kemarin?

She was in his house yesterday
Dia di rumahnya kemarin
(-) She was not in his house yesterday
Dia tidak di rumahnya kemarin
(?) Was she in his house yesterday?
Apakah dia di rumahnya kemarin?
(why) Why was she in his house yesterday?
Mengapa dia di rumahnya kemarin?

It was in his house yesterday
Dia di rumahnya kemarin
(-) It was not in his house yesterday
Dia tidak di rumahnya kemarin
(?) Was It in his house yesterday?
Apakah dia di rumahnya kemarin?
(why) Why was it in his house yesterday?
Mengapa dia di rumahnya kemarin?

They were in his house yesterday
Mereka di rumahnya kemarin
(-) They were not in his house yesterday
Mereka tidak di rumahnya kemarin
(?) Were they in his house yesterday?
Apakah mereka di rumahnya kemarin?
(why) Why were they in his house yesterday?
Mengapa mereka di rumahnya kemarin?

kk bantu present (do/does)
I go to the library
Saya pergi ke perpustakaan
(-) I do not go to the library
Saya tidak pergi ke perpustakaan
(?) Do I go to the library?
Apakah saya pergi ke perpustakaan?
(how) How do I go to the library?
Bagaimana saya pergi ke perpustakaan?

We go to the library
Kami pergi ke perpustakaan
(-) We do not go to the library
Kami tidak pergi ke perpustakaan
 (?) Do we go to the library?
Apakah kami pergi ke perpustakaan?
(how) How do we go to the library?
Bagaimana kami pergi ke perpustakaan?

You go to the library
Kamu pergi ke perpustakaan
(-) You do not go to the library
Kamu tidak pergi ke perpustakaan
(?) Do you go to the library?
Apakah kamu pergi ke perpustakaan?
(how) How do you go to the library?
Bagaimana kamu pergi ke perpustakaan?

He goes to the library
Dia pergi ke perpustakaan
(-) He does not go to the library
Dia tidak pergi ke perpustakaan
(?) Does he go to the library?
Apakah dia pergi ke perpustakaan?
(how) How does he go to the library?
Bagaimana dia pergi ke perpustakaan?

She goes to the library
Dia pergi ke perpustakaan
(-) She does not go to the library
Dia tidak pergi ke perpustakaan
(?) Does she go to the library?
Apakah dia pergi ke perpustakaan?
(how) How does she go to the library?
Bagaimana dia pergi ke perpustakaan?

It goes to the library
Dia pergi ke perpustakaan
(-) It does not go to the library
Dia tidak pergi ke perpustakaan
(?) Does it go to the library?
Apakah dia pergi ke perpustakaan?
(how) How does it go to the library?
Bagaimana dia pergi ke perpustakaan?

They go to the library
Mereka pergi ke perpustakaan
(-) They do not go to the library
Mereka tidak pergi ke perpustakaan
(?) Do they go to the library?
Apakah mereka pergi ke perpustakaan?
(how) How do they go to the library?
Bagaimana mereka pergi ke perpustakaan?

kk bantu past (did)
I studied English with my parents last week
Saya belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(-) I did not study  English with my parents last week
Saya tidak belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(?) Did I study  English with my parents last week?
Apakah saya belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?
(where) Where did I study  English with my parents last week?
Dimana saya belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?

We studied English with my parents last week
Kami belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(-) We did not study English with my parents last week
Kami tidak belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(?) Did we study  English with my parents last week?
Apakah kami belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?
(where) Where did we study English with my parents last week?
Dimana kami belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?

You studied English with my parents last week
Kamu belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(-) You did not study English with my parents last week
Kamu tidak belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(?) Did you study  English with my parents last week?
Apakah kamu belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?
(where) Where did you study English with my parents last week?
Dimana kamu belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?

He studied English with my parents last week
Dia belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(-) He did not study English with my parents last week
Dia tidak belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(?) Did he study English with my parents last week?
Apakah dia belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?
(where) Where did he study English with my parents last week?
Dimana dia belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?

She studied English with my parents last week
Dia belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(-) She did not study English with my parents last week
Dia tidak belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(?) Did she study English with my parents last week?
Apakah dia belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?
(where) Where did she study English with my parents last week?
Dimana dia belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?

It studied English with my parents last week
Dia belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(-) It did not study English with my parents last week
Dia tidak belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(?) Did it study English with my parents last week?
Apakah dia belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?
(where) Where did it study English with my parents last week?
Dimana dia belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?

They studied English with my parents last week
Mereka belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(-) They did not study English with my parents last week
Mereka tidak belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu
(?) Did they study English with my parents last week?
Apakah mereka belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?
(where) Where did they study English with my parents last week?
Dimana mereka belajar bahasa Inggris dengan orang tua saya minggu lalu?

Coba kamu lengkapi titik-titik di bawah ini sesuai contoh di atas.
to be present (am/are/is)
I … a teacher
Saya adalah seorang guru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We … teachers
Kami adalah guru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

You … a teacher
Kamu adalah seorang guru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................



He … a teacher
Dia adalah seorang guru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

She … a teacher
Dia adalah seorang guru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

It … a teacher
Itu adalah seorang guru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

They … teachers
Mereka adalah guru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

to be past (was/were)
I … sick two days ago
Saya sakit dua hari yang lalu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We … sick two days ago
Kami sakit dua hari yang lalu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

You … sick two days ago
Kamu sakit dua hari yang lalu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

He … sick two days ago
Dia sakit dua hari yang lalu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

She … sick two days ago
Dia sakit dua hari yang lalu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

It … sick two days ago
Dia sakit dua hari yang lalu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

They … sick two days ago
Mereka sakit dua hari yang lalu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Kk bantu present (do/does)
I eat the meat carefully
Saya makan daging dengan hati-hati
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We eat the meat carefully
Kami makan daging dengan hati-hati
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

You eat the meat carefully
Kamu makan daging dengan hati-hati
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

He eats the meat carefully
Dia makan daging dengan hati-hati
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

She eats the meat carefully
Dia makan daging dengan hati-hati
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

It eats the meat carefully
Dia makan daging dengan hati-hati
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................


They eat the meat carefully
Mereka makan daging dengan hati-hati
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

kk bantu past (did)
I let him go yesterday
Saya membiarkannya pergi kemarin
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We let him go yesterday
Kami membiarkannya pergi kemarin
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

You let him go yesterday
Kamu membiarkannya pergi kemarin

(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

He let him go yesterday
Dia membiarkannya pergi kemarin
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

She let him go yesterday
Dia membiarkannya pergi kemarin
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

It let him go yesterday
Dia membiarkannya pergi kemarin
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

They let him go yesterday
Mereka membiarkannya pergi kemarin
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................






Bab 12
Kata Ganti

Kata ganti adalah suatu kata yang menggantikan kata benda (nouns). Macam-macam kata ganti yaitu:

subjek
objek
Milik+benda
Milik tanpa diikuti benda
sendiri
arti
I
me
my
mine
myself
saya
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
kami
you
you
your
yours
yourself
kamu
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
kalian
he
him
his
his
himself
dia laki2
she
her
her
hers
herself
dia perempuan
it
it
its
-
itself
itu
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
mereka




Contoh penggunaannya:
Subjek
I can make Susi happy all of the time
Saya dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(-) I can not make Susi happy all of the time
Saya tidak dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(?) Can I make Susi happy all of the time?
Apakah saya dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?
(how) How can I make Susi happy all of the time?
Bagaimana saya dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?

We can make Susi happy all of the time
Kami dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(-) We can not make Susi happy all of the time
Kami tidak dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(?) Can we make Susi happy all of the time?
Apakah kami dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?
(how) How can we make Susi happy all of the time?
Bagaimana kami dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?

You can make Susi happy all of the time
Kamu dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(-) You can not make Susi happy all of the time
Kamu tidak dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(?) Can you make Susi happy all of the time?
Apakah kamu dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?
(how) How can you make Susi happy all of the time?
Bagaimana kamu dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?

He can make Susi happy all of the time
Dia dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(-) He can not make Susi happy all of the time
Dia tidak dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(?) Can he make Susi happy all of the time?
Apakah dia dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?
(how) How can he make Susi happy all of the time?
Bagaimana dia dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?

She can make Susi happy all of the time
Dia dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(-) She can not make Susi happy all of the time
Dia tidak dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(?) Can she make Susi happy all of the time?
Apakah dia dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?
(how) How can she make Susi happy all of the time?
Bagaimana dia dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?

It can make Susi happy all of the time
Dia dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(-) It can not make Susi happy all of the time
Dia tidak dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(?) Can it make Susi happy all of the time?
Apakah dia dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?
(how) How can it make Susi happy all of the time?
Bagaimana dia dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?

They can make Susi happy all of the time
Mereka dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(-) They can not make Susi happy all of the time
Mereka tidak dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu
(?) Can they make Susi happy all of the time?
Apakah mereka dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?
(how) How can they make Susi happy all of the time?
Bagaimana mereka dapat membuat Susi bahagia sepanjang waktu?

Objek
Budi gives me two pencils
Budi memberi saya dua pensil
(-) Budi does not give me two pencils
Budi tidak memberi saya dua pensil
(?) Does Budi give me two pencils?
Apakah Budi memberi saya dua pensil?
(when) When does Budi give me two pencils?
Kapan Budi memberi saya dua pensil?

Budi gives us two pencils
Budi memberi kami dua pensil
(-) Budi does not give us two pencils
Budi tidak memberi kami dua pensil
(?) Does Budi give us two pencils?
Apakah Budi memberi kami dua pensil?
(when) When does Budi give us two pencils?
Kapan Budi memberi kami dua pensil?

Budi gives you two pencils
Budi memberi kamu dua pensil
(-) Budi does not give you two pencils
Budi tidak memberi kamu dua pensil
(?) Does Budi give you two pencils?
Apakah Budi memberi kamu dua pensil?
(when) When does Budi give you two pencils?
Kapan Budi memberi kamu dua pensil?

Budi gives him two pencils
Budi memberi dia dua pensil
(-) Budi does not give him two pencils
Budi tidak memberi dia dua pensil
(?) Does Budi give him two pencils?
Apakah Budi memberi dia dua pensil?
(when) When does Budi give him two pencils?
Kapan Budi memberi dia dua pensil?

Budi gives her two pencils
Budi memberi dia dua pensil
(-) Budi does not give her two pencils
Budi tidak memberi dia dua pensil
(?) Does Budi give her two pencils?
Apakah Budi memberi dia dua pensil?
(when) When does Budi give her two pencils?
Kapan Budi memberi dia dua pensil?

Budi gives it two pencils
Budi memberi dia dua pensil
(-) Budi do not give it two pencils
Budi tidak memberi dia dua pensil
(?) Do Budi give it two pencils?
Apakah Budi memberi dia dua pensil?
(when) When does Budi give it two pencils?
Kapan Budi memberi dia dua pensil?

Budi gives them two pencils
Budi memberi mereka dua pensil
(-) Budi does not give them two pencils
Budi tidak memberi mereka dua pensil
(?) Does Budi give them two pencils?
Apakah Budi memberi mereka dua pensil?
(when) When does Budi give them two pencils?
Kapan Budi memberi mereka dua pensil?

Kata ganti milik + benda
My friend will arrive here at 9 o’clock
Temanku akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(-) My friend will not arrive here at 9 o’clock
Temanku tidak akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(?) Will my friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Apakah temanku akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?
(how) How will my friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Bagaimana temanku akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?

Our friend will arrive here at 9 o’clock
Teman kami akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(-) Our friend will not arrive here at 9 o’clock
Teman kami tidak akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(?) Will our friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Apakah teman kami akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?
(how) How will our friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Bagaimana teman kami akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?

Your friend will arrive here at 9 o’clock
Temanmu akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(-) Your friend will not arrive here at 9 o’clock
Temanmu tidak akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(?) Will your friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Apakah temanmu akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?

(how) How will your friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Bagaimana temanmu akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?

His friend will arrive here at 9 o’clock
Temannya akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(-) His friend will not arrive here at 9 o’clock
Temannya tidak akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(?) Will his friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Apakah temannya akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?
(how) How will his friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Bagaimana temannya akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?

Her friend will arrive here at 9 o’clock
Temannya akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(-) Her friend will not arrive here at 9 o’clock
Temannya tidak akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(?) Will her friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Apakah temannya akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?
(how) How will her friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Bagaimana temannya akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?

Its friend will arrive here at 9 o’clock
Temannya akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(-) Its friend will not arrive here at 9 o’clock
Temannya tidak akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(?) Will its friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Apakah temannya akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?
(how) How will its friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Bagaimana temannya akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?


Their friend will arrive here at 9 o’clock
Teman mereka akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(-) Their friend will not arrive here at 9 o’clock
Teman mereka tidak akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9
(?) Will their friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Apakah teman mereka akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?
(how) How will their friend arrive here at 9 o’clock?
Bagaimana teman mereka akan tiba di sini pada pukul 9?

Kata ganti milik tanpa diikuti bendanya
The computer that you use is mine
Komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milikku
(-) The computer that you use is not mine
Komputer yang kamu gunakan bukan milikku
(?) Is the computer that you use mine?
Apakah komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milikku?
(why) Why is the computer that you use mine?
Mengapa komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milikku?

The computer that you use is ours
Komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milik kami
(-) The computer that you use is not ours
Komputer yang kamu gunakan bukan milik kami
(?) Is the computer that you use ours?
Apakah komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milik kami?
(why) Why is the computer that you use ours?
Mengapa komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milik kami?

The computer that you use is yours
Komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milikmu

(-) The computer that you use is not yours
Komputer yang kamu gunakan bukan milikmu
(?) Is the computer that you use yours?
Apakah komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milikmu?
(why) Why is the computer that you use yours?
Mengapa komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milikmu?

The computer that you use is his
Komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah miliknya
(-) The computer that you use is not his
Komputer yang kamu gunakan bukan miliknya
(?) Is the computer that you use his?
Apakah komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah miliknya?
(why) Why is the computer that you use his?
Mengapa komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah miliknya?

The computer that you use is hers
Komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah miliknya
(-) The computer that you use is not hers
Komputer yang kamu gunakan bukan miliknya
(?) Is the computer that you use hers?
Apakah komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah miliknya?
(why) Why is the computer that you use hers?
Mengapa komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah miliknya?

The computer that you use is theirs
Komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milik mereka
(-) The computer that you use is not theirs
Komputer yang kamu gunakan bukan milik mereka
(?) Is the computer that you use theirs?
Apakah komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milik mereka?
(why) Why is the computer that you use theirs?
Mengapa komputer yang kamu gunakan adalah milik mereka?

Kata ganti yang menyatakan diri sendiri
I make the cake myself
Saya membuat roti itu sendiri
(-) I do not make the cake myself
Saya tidak membuat roti itu sendiri
(?) Do I make the cake myself?
Apakah saya membuat roti itu sendiri?
(where) Where do I make the cake myself?
Dimana saya membuat roti itu sendiri?

We make the cake ourselves
Kami membuat roti itu sendiri
(-) We do not make the cake ourselves
Kami tidak membuat roti itu sendiri
(?) Do we make the cake ourselves?
Apakah kami membuat roti itu sendiri?
(where) Where do we make the cake myself?
Dimana kami membuat roti itu sendiri?

You make the cake yourself
Kamu membuat roti itu sendiri
(-) You do not make the cake yourself
Kamu tidak membuat roti itu sendiri
(?) Do you make the cake yourself?
Apakah kamu membuat roti itu sendiri?
(where) Where do you make the cake myself?
Dimana kamu membuat roti itu sendiri?

He makes the cake himself
Dia membuat roti itu sendiri
(-) He does not make the cake himself
Dia tidak membuat roti itu sendiri
(?) Does he make the cake himself?
Apakah dia membuat roti itu sendiri?
(where) Where does he make the cake myself?
Dimana dia membuat roti itu sendiri?

She makes the cake herself
Dia membuat roti itu sendiri
(-) She does not make the cake herself
Dia tidak membuat roti itu sendiri
(?) Does she make the cake herself?
Apakah dia membuat roti itu sendiri?
(where) Where does she make the cake myself?
Dimana dia membuat roti itu sendiri?

It makes the cake itself
Dia membuat roti itu sendiri
(-) It does not make the cake itself
Dia tidak membuat roti itu sendiri
(?) Does it make the cake itself?
Apakah dia membuat roti itu sendiri?
(where) Where does it make the cake myself?
Dimana dia membuat roti itu sendiri?

They make the cake themselves
Mereka membuat roti itu sendiri
(-) They do not make the cake themselves
Mereka tidak membuat roti itu sendiri
(?) Do they make the cake themselves?
Apakah mereka membuat roti itu sendiri?
(where) Where do they make the cake myself?
Dimana mereka membuat roti itu sendiri?

Coba kamu lengkapi titik-titik di bawah ini sesuai dengan contoh di atas.

Subject
I sweep the floor with the new broom
Saya menyapu lantai dengan sapu baru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We sweep the floor with the new broom
Kami menyapu lantai dengan sapu baru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

You sweep the floor with the new broom
Kamu menyapu lantai dengan sapu baru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................


He sweeps the floor with the new broom
Dia menyapu lantai dengan sapu baru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

She sweeps the floor with the new broom
Dia menyapu lantai dengan sapu baru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

It sweeps the floor with the new broom
Dia menyapu lantai dengan sapu baru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

They sweep the floor with the new broom
Mereka menyapu lantai dengan sapu baru
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Object
Anton reads a story about me
Anton membaca sebuah cerita tentang saya
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Anton reads a story about us
Anton membaca sebuah cerita tentang kami
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Anton reads a story about you
Anton membaca sebuah cerita tentang kamu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Anton reads a story about him
Anton membaca sebuah cerita tentang dia
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Anton reads a story about her
Anton membaca sebuah cerita tentang dia
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Anton reads a story about it
Anton membaca sebuah cerita tentang itu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................


Anton reads a story about them
Anton membaca sebuah cerita tentang mereka
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Kata ganti milik + benda
Asyari borrows my motorcycle
Asyari meminjam motorku
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where).......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Asyari borrows our motorcycle
Asyari meminjam motor kami
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where).......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Asyari borrows your motorcycle
Asyari meminjam motormu

(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where).......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Asyari borrows his motorcycle
Asyari meminjam motornya
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where).......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Asyari borrow her motorcycle
Asyari meminjam motornya
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where).......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Asyari borrow its motorcycle
Asyari meminjam motornya
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where).......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Asyari borrow their motorcycle
Asyari meminjam motor mereka
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where).......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Kata ganti milik tanpa diikuti bendanya
Mine is the best
Milikku paling bagus
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Ours is the best
Milik kami paling bagus
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Yours is the best
Milikmu paling bagus
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

His is the best
Miliknya paling bagus
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Hers is the best
Miliknya paling bagus
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Theirs is the best
Milik mereka paling bagus
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Kata ganti yang menyatakan diri sendiri (Reflexive Pronouns)
I write this letter myself
Saya menulis surat ini sendiri
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We write this letter ourselves
Kami menulis surat ini sendiri
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

You write this letter yourself
Saya menulis surat ini sendiri
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

He writes this letter himself
Dia menulis surat ini sendiri
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

She writes this letter herself
Dia menulis surat ini sendiri
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

It writes this letter itself
Dia menulis surat ini sendiri
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................


They write this letter themself
Mereka menulis surat ini sendiri
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................




Bab 13
Auxiliary Verb

Ada 24 macam auxiliary verb, yaitu:

Aux.
Arti
Jenis
am
ada/adalah
to be
are
ada/adalah
to be
is
ada/adalah
to be
was
ada/adalah
to be
were
ada/adalah
to be
must
harus
modal
may
boleh/mungkin
modal
might
boleh/mungkin
modal
can
dapat
modal
could
dapat
modal
shall
akan
modal
should
seharusnya/harus
modal
will
akan/mau
modal
would
mau
modal
have
telah
-
has
telah
-
had
telah
-
ought to
seharusnya
modal
used to
biasa (di masa lampau)
modal
need
perlu
modal
dare
berani
modal
do
-
-
does
-
-
did
-
-

Contoh penggunaan:
I am a winner
Saya adalah seorang pemenang
(-) I am not a winner
Saya bukan seorang pemenang
(?) Am I a winner?
Apakah saya adalah seorang pemenang?
(why) Why am I a winner?
Mengapa saya adalah seorang pemenang?

We are football players
Kami adalah pemain sepak bola
(-) We are not football players
Kami bukan pemain sepak bola
(-) Are we football players?
Apakah kami adalah pemain sepak bola?
(why) Why are we football players?
Mengapa kami adalah pemain sepak bola?

He is a teacher
Dia adalah seorang guru
(-) He is not a teacher
Dia bukan seorang guru
(?) Is he a teacher?
Apakah dia adalah seorang guru?
(why) Why is he a teacher?
Mengapa dia adalah seorang guru?

It was there this morning
Itu di sana tadi pagi
(-) It was not there this morning
Itu tidak di sana tadi pagi
(?) Was it there this morning?
Apakah itu di sana tadi pagi?
(how) How was it there this morning?
Bagaimana itu di sana tadi pagi?

You were in the market yesterday
Kamu di pasar kemarin
(-) You were not in the market yesterday
Kamu tidak di pasar kemarin
(?) Were you in the market yesterday?
Apakah kamu di pasar kemarin?
(why) Why were you in the market yesterday?
Mengapa kamu di pasar kemarin?

We must be success men
Kami harus menjadi orang yang sukses
(-) We must not be success men
Kami tidak harus menjadi orang yang sukses
(?) Must we must be success men?
Apakah kami harus menjadi orang yang sukses?
(why) Why must we must be success men?
Mengapa kami harus menjadi orang yang sukses?

I may bring something
Saya boleh/bisa membawa sesuatu
(-) I may not bring something
Saya tidak boleh membawa sesuatu
(?) May I bring something?
Apakah saya boleh membawa sesuatu?
(where) Where may I bring something?
Kemana saya boleh/bisa membawa sesuatu?

We might sleep at 9 o’clock last night
Kami mungkin tidur pada pukul 9 tadi malam
(-) We might not sleep at 9 o’clock last night
Kami mungkin tidak tidur pada pukul 9 tadi malam
(?) Might we sleep at 9 o’clock last night?
Apakah kami mungkin tidur pada pukul 9 tadi malam?
(where) Where might we sleep at 9 o’clock last night?
Dimana kami mungkin tidur pada pukul 9 tadi malam?

We can leave her alone here
Kami dapat meninggalkannya sendiri disini
(-) We can not leave her alone here
Kami tidak dapat meninggalkannya sendiri disini
(?) Can we leave her alone here?
Apakah kami dapat meninggalkannya sendiri disini?
(how) How can we leave her alone here?
Bagaimana kami dapat meninggalkannya sendiri disini?

They could do the examination yesterday
Mereka dapat mengerjakan ujian kemarin
(-) They could not do the examination yesterday
Mereka tidak dapat mengerjakan ujian kemarin
(?) Could they do the examination yesterday?
Apakah mereka dapat mengerjakan ujian kemarin?
(how) How could they do the examination yesterday?
Bagaimana mereka dapat mengerjakan ujian kemarin?


We shall sing a song on the stage
Kami akan menyanyikan sebuah lagu di atas panggung
(-) We shall not sing a song on the stage
Kami tidak akan menyanyikan sebuah lagu di atas panggung
(?) Shall we sing a song on the stage?
Apakah kami akan menyanyikan sebuah lagu di atas panggung?
(when) When shall we sing a song on the stage?
Kapan kami akan menyanyikan sebuah lagu di atas panggung?

I should take a bath
Saya akan mandi
(-) I should not take a bath
Saya tidak akan mandi
(?) Should I take a bath?
Apakah saya akan mandi?
(where) Where should I take a bath?
Dimana saya akan mandi?

He will buy a bicycle tomorrow
Dia akan membeli sebuah sepeda besok
(-) He will not buy a bicycle tomorrow
Dia tidak akan membeli sebuah sepeda besok
(?) Will he buy a bicycle tomorrow?
Apakah dia akan membeli sebuah sepeda besok?
(where) Where will he buy a bicycle tomorrow?
Dimana dia akan membeli sebuah sepeda besok?

They would play football
Mereka akan bermain sepak bola
(-) They would not play football
Mereka tidak akan bermain sepak bola
(?) Would they play football?
Apakah mereka akan bermain sepak bola?
(when) When would they play football?
Kapan mereka akan bermain sepak bola?

You have met your mother
Kamu telah bertemu ibumu
(-) You have not met your mother
Kamu telah tidak bertemu ibumu
(?) Have you met your mother?
Apakah kamu telah bertemu ibumu?
(where) Where have you met your mother?
Dimana kamu telah bertemu ibumu?

She has spent her money to buy a tipe
Dia telah membelanjakan uangnya untuk membeli sebuah pita
(-) She has not spent her money to buy a tipe
Dia telah tidak membelanjakan uangnya untuk membeli sebuah pita
(-) Has she spent her money to buy a tipe?
Apakah dia telah membelanjakan uangnya untuk membeli sebuah pita?
(where) Where has she spent her money to buy a tipe?
Dimana dia telah membelanjakan uangnya untuk membeli sebuah pita?

The bell had rung before 7 o’clock
Loncengnya telah berdering sebelum pukul 7
(-) The bell had not rung before 7 o’clock
Loncengnya telah tidak berdering sebelum pukul 7
(?) Had the bell rung before 7 o’clock?
Apakah loncengnya telah berdering sebelum pukul 7?
(why) Why had the bell rung before 7 o’clock?
Mengapa loncengnya telah berdering sebelum pukul 7?

I ought to study hard
Saya seharusnya belajar giat
(-) I ought not to study hard
Saya seharusnya tidak belajar giat
(?) Ought I to study hard?
Apakah saya seharusnya belajar giat?
(how) How ought I to study hard?
Bagaimana saya seharusnya belajar giat?

We used to read novels
Kami biasa membaca novel
(-) We used not to read novels
Kami biasa tidak membaca novel
Used we to read novels?
Apakah kami biasa membaca novel?
(where) Where used we to read novels?
Dimana kami biasa membaca novel?

We need something to write a letter
Kami perlu sesuatu untuk menulis sebuah surat
(-) We need not something to write a letter
Kami tidak perlu sesuatu untuk menulis sebuah surat
(?) Need we something to write a letter?
Apakah kami perlu sesuatu untuk menulis sebuah surat?
(why) Why need we something to write a letter?
Mengapa kami perlu sesuatu untuk menulis sebuah surat?

I dare say that you are handsome
Saya berani mengatakan bahwa kamu tampan

(-) I dare not say that you are handsome
Saya tidak berani mengatakan bahwa kamu tampan
(?) Dare I say that you are handsome?
Apakah saya berani mengatakan bahwa kamu tampan?
(how) How dare I say that you are handsome?
Bagaimana saya berani mengatakan bahwa kamu tampan?

I take your pen
Saya mengambil pulpenmu
(-) I do not take your pen
Saya tidak mengambil pulpenmu
(?) Do I take your pen?
Apakah saya mengambil pulpenmu?
(where) Where do I take your pen?
Dimana saya mengambil pulpenmu?

He makes a fault
Dia membuat sebuah kesalahan
(-) He does not make a fault
Dia tidak membuat sebuah kesalahan
(?) Does he make a fault?
Apakah dia membuat sebuah kesalahan?
(why) Why does he make a fault?
Mengapa dia membuat sebuah kesalahan?

They built a house
Mereka membangun sebuah rumah
(-) They did not build a house
Mereka tidak membangun sebuah rumah
(?) Did they build a house?
Apakah mereka membangun sebuah rumah?
(when) When did they build a house?
Kapan mereka membangun sebuah rumah?
Coba kamu lengkapi titik-titik di bawah ini sesuai contoh di atas.

I am in the school
Saya di sekolah
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when) .......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

You are a lier
Kamu adalah seorang pembohong
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why) .........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

She is a pretty girl
Dia adalah seorang gadis yang cantik
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why) .........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We was watching television when you came here
Kami sedang menonton TV ketika kamu datang kemari
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where) ......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

They were in the garden
Mereka di taman
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when) .......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We must say greeting before entering it
Kami harus mengucapkan salam sebelum memasukinya
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

I may stay here for a moment
Saya mungkin tinggal di sini untuk sementara waktu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

You might leave something yesterday
Kamu mungkin meninggalkan sesuatu kemarin
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where).......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

He can do it
Dia dapat mengerjakannya
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

She could give you happyness
Dia dapat memberimu kebahagiaan
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................


I shall lead this troops
Saya akan memimpin pasukan
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when) .......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
                      
We should take an equipment
Kami akan mengambil peralatan
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where) ......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Arif will be a president of Indonesia
Arif akan menjadi presiden Indonesia
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when) .......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

They would hold a party
Mereka akan mengadakan sebuah pesta
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where) ......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

I have got my right
Saya telah mendapatkan hak saya
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(how)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Nyoto has given his money to you
Nyoto telah memberikan uangnya kepadamu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why) .........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We ought to run quickly
Kami seharusnya berlari dengan cepat
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when) .......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

He used to speak English a long time ago
Dia biasa berbicara bahasa Inggris dulu
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(where).......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We need someone to lead this class
Kami memerlukan seseorang untuk memimpin kelas ini
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

We dare say we can
Kami berani mengatakan kami bisa
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

You drink a glass of water
Kamu minum segelas air

(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

He helps me to do the task
Dia membantu saya untuk mengerjakan tugas
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(when)........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Mother forbade me to play badminton yesterday
Ibu melarangku bermain badminton kemarin
(-) ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(?) ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(why)..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................


           
           
Penutup

Inilah buku yang kami usahakan sebaik mungkin untuk menjadi bacaan yang menuntun, menarik, dan tidak membosankan bagi pembaca. Dengan harapan buku ini telah sedikit memberikan penerangan, karena ilmu yang disampaikan, ditularkan, dan diamalkan cahayanya akan terus mengalir, sedikit demi sedikit mengikis kegelapan.
Tentunya sebuah karya tidak mungkin lepas dari kurang dan salah. Karenanya kritik dan saran dari pembaca sangat kami harapkan. Sebaik-baik manusia adalah yang paling bermanfaat bagi orang lain.
Terakhir kami kutipkan kata-kata yang mungkin bisa membantu:

“Practise makes perfect”
“Banyak berlatih dapat membuatnya lebih sempurna”

Daftar Pustaka

Cambridge English House. Hand Book 1-6. Yogyakarta: CEH.
Cambridge English House. Word Power 1-6. Yogyakarta: CEH.
Echolis, John M, Hassan Shadily. 1997. Kamus Indonesia Inggris. Jakarta: Percetakan PT Gramedia.
Echolis, John M, Hassan Shadily 1982. Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta: Percetakan PT Gramedia.










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